tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69966738569298527922024-03-05T06:11:18.953-08:00Tonatiuh CADI2018Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04786480101343277511noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6996673856929852792.post-91324195634873886732018-06-08T13:26:00.000-07:002018-06-08T13:34:49.989-07:00Antecedentes y problemática <br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-c2f6c18b-e11a-527f-28a3-3ede0e4ad793"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">Iniciativa de movilidad eléctrica en la Ciudad de Puebla.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Problemática</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Ciudad de México (Antecedente)</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-1821fb59-e0e1-d1d1-ce92-68a8af0a7bd5"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">En la ciudad de México se realizan diariamente 34.5 millones de viajes, de estos 24.4 millones en transporte público y solamente 11 millones a pie. El primer lugar lo ocupa el transporte en bus o combis con el 74% y el segundo lugar lo ocupa el metro con el 29% con 4.4 millones de viajes realizados en el metro.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-1821fb59-e0e1-d1d1-ce92-68a8af0a7bd5"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Análisis:</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> El sistema de transporte solar para zonas urbanas en el centro del país, casos de estudio ciudad de Puebla.</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-1821fb59-e0e1-d1d1-ce92-68a8af0a7bd5"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-Transportes eléctricos</span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-1821fb59-e0e1-d1d1-ce92-68a8af0a7bd5"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Debido al hecho que almacenar la energía desde fuentes de energía solar incrementa el consumo promedio anual entre un 8 y un 14%</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, se recomienda que este sea un sistema interconectado a la red, en lugar de tener un sistema de almacenamiento en baterías. </span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">¿Cuál es el costo ambiental de la construcción de los transportes con sistema de movilidad solar?</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La energía solar es más sustentable que quemar combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, la fabricación, el transporte y la instalación de estos transportes de movilidad solar puede generar contaminación química. La energía usada y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos durante la producción de celdas y paneles solares varía sustancialmente con la tecnología utilizada y la geografía. La mayoría de celdas inician con el cuarzo, la forma más común de sílice (dióxido de silicio), el cual se extrae a partir de las minas (Fig. 2), lo que pone a los mineros en riesgo de uno de los peligros laborales más antiguos de la civilización, la silicosis pulmonar, además los residuos de minería generan desechos peligrosos (como el tetracloruro de silicio que acidifica el suelo y emite gases nocivos). </span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Preguntas de Entrada</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Número de pasajeros por cabina:</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-fb84d23e-e0e2-7ff3-9642-aafa83a34e95"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Área de captación o celda por cabina: </span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tipo y cantidad de baterías por cabina: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-0240fa66-e0e3-ddc1-da0b-d22643c0065c"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Fig. 2. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Configuración del sistema individual spartan.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Otro tipo es fabricado a base de telururos de cadmio y otro elementos como arsénico, cobre, galio, selenio, indio, materiales conocido por su alta toxicidad, y potencialmente cancerígeno. Aunque en su fabricación sólo el 1% del material es desechado, requiere medidas especiales para evitar problemas ambientales y sanitarios.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Fig. 2. Ejemplo de residuos de mina</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La instalación de los paneles solares requiere un estudio de impacto ambiental que impliquen el cambio de relieve, la erosión del suelo, la pérdida de la vegetación, pérdida del hábitat.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">De acuerdo con la metodología de la huella ambiental de productos de la Comisión Europea, la fabricación de una planta de energía fotovoltaica generan entre 80% a poco más del 95% de las emisiones. Esto incluye la extracción de materias primas, la producción de materiales semiconductores, la fabricación de módulos y los componentes de Balance of Systems y la construcción. Las emisiones de los filtros fotovoltaicos entre 0.07 y 0.18 lb de CO2 equivalente por kWh.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">A pesar de los costos energéticos de producir los módulos, la mayoría de éstos devuelven el costo de inversión en los primeros dos años de operación. Considerando que el periodo de vida de un módulo es de unos 20 años aproximadamente, la energía de estos módulos es mayormente limpia la mayor parte del tiempo. Tomando en cuenta que la eficiencia nominal de una celda fotovoltaica es del 15% y que reduce su rendimiento en un 1% anual en promedio por uso y operación; así como que un periodo de 2-3 años de energía pérdida por el payback, la eficiencia real considerando estos factores será del 12.2 %.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-7c72ed75-e0e6-7e62-8c46-60ea81febfca"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: super;"><b>Reducir las emisiones de CO2 se puede lograr con un transporte con menor huella ecológica.</b></span></span></span></div>
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https://blog.pickmysolar.com/how-green-are-solar-panels</div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-152c29f1-e0ec-c4ed-78f5-cc68622fd772"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Reciclaje:</b></span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-152c29f1-e0ec-c4ed-78f5-cc68622fd772"> <br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Respecto a las baterías, el proceso de reciclado no es viable a menos que sean de ácido-plomo, esta es una razón importante por la cual es más adecuado evitar el almacenamiento de la energía. Baterías de otro tipo requieren subsidio</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “The global </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">solar</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">panel</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> recycling market is expected to be valued at USD 384.4 million by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc.” </span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-29774638-e0ed-5805-6105-95f00180c177"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="262" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/bVtI76nxGzS6fgmX_Y3kJew9QNNhb4oeE6ZEybjoxUMPwWEBKZlLoPK8ZR6yvi_mXsg7hzJadJZEpR8shTvarRAN_5XSbIEIjf49azVqnk8aKHdSUJoSBUbgzlfGLy5hxmZdDVBD" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="570" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f2bb3d17-e110-0863-4147-24734f656a15"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Tabla 1. Solamente las baterías de ácido-plomo son aptas para reciclar, las demás requieren subsidio.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Propuesta en RUTA PUEBLA</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Paraderos:36 </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pasajeros: 160 </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">No. de metrobuses: 22 </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: left; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Distancia:32 km</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 51pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c4129172-e0f3-f670-33c0-32cbb7d4a372"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: super;">Conectar a los autobuses a la red eléctrica</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Disel</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Serie Híbrida</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">3.5 k Wh/km</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">( 35 1/100 km)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">2.3 k Wh/km</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">(23 1/100 km)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Tabla de consumo de disel, serie híbrido y buses eléctricos. Estudio realizado en Finlandia</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Analyses of Energy Saving in a Hybrid and Electric Bus </span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGThPKKzuzXVFfnnvmd_LpkLv0LXAHZyOIGTNW5t_GHtO-nWci-BDe6O4LxjxYK8PcwMqrhxxkrawUB0FkU_tK6_GT_zZW0kIZf_hewjmCySfVrnUoT7umsI2egJjKs6j9abfvsfLUA4Q/s1600/Slide2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="378" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGThPKKzuzXVFfnnvmd_LpkLv0LXAHZyOIGTNW5t_GHtO-nWci-BDe6O4LxjxYK8PcwMqrhxxkrawUB0FkU_tK6_GT_zZW0kIZf_hewjmCySfVrnUoT7umsI2egJjKs6j9abfvsfLUA4Q/s640/Slide2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Figura 4. Comparación anual del costo de elctricidad por la operación de buses,disel en (rojo), serie híbrida (azul) y eléctrico (verde).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Propuesta </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Establecimiento de sistema articulado de autobuses alimentado por electricidad solar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pasajeros: 160 </span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-6383610b-e115-d504-5b05-58118f8e1e3a"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Paraderos:36 </span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-6383610b-e115-d504-5b05-58118f8e1e3a"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">No. de metrobuses:22</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-6383610b-e115-d504-5b05-58118f8e1e3a"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Distancia:32 km</span></span></span></div>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-56804ad9-e103-2e4a-9239-004beeaaec11"><img height="274px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/D6svl29pg7shYFaPbA7mglsTnrPSnReGc4EvjtbeRRk344O0Fpy5MM_Ha2_hYvLnXA5JNoCCkJC1Gpi4pU0aoCwKCjrJjeDY6jxuupzfOFPtgWGoP0H4-yduePLegKtYZSFW40gG6Y0" width="411px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Linea 1 paraderos 36</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Separación 500 metros entre paradero</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">22 Autobuses</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rendimiento 718 kJ x Km</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Energía por Km 3.8 Mega Joules x km</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">22 autobuses operando x 18 hrs </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Metodología </b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7LmjCDRPYKKBzqaVhObBzHexMw1aJ5OhVT-tdMSqYKF0OwBXYKKXwaIeQDrtwFXpBOQPzVjrnqjcACQAZDfn1sQiy5MYolgGE7VHrrpiV-pqUcwriR1osWXWPeb6M2qoZbeSqr5cfXRU/s1600/Slide3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="378" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7LmjCDRPYKKBzqaVhObBzHexMw1aJ5OhVT-tdMSqYKF0OwBXYKKXwaIeQDrtwFXpBOQPzVjrnqjcACQAZDfn1sQiy5MYolgGE7VHrrpiV-pqUcwriR1osWXWPeb6M2qoZbeSqr5cfXRU/s640/Slide3.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energía mover un día: 27 GJ (7500 kW-h).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Energía sostener el sistema: 7.5 MW-h.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Un panel al año: 370.2 KW-h.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Área de captación: 200 m2 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">No de módulos: 7500 de 250 W </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Celdas por paradero:290</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>¿Cual es el costo ambiental? </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: super;"> Fabricación</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">Traslado </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">Instalación </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">Residuos</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b> </b></span></span><img alt="Resultado de imagen para mina de silicio" height="239" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/c989wyGMPWngBRQ4DdpeKa-asJ-YS3NkEca6b2qu0cwG9dp57uibgxduQM8sqjudAgKt4wfp0pOHAVDTGG0Is9khuqyNwzE5ww57G0ePQ1z4K-FQdA3bNAPkCaN9FtTYnmQZXq-N18g" width="320" /><br />
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<b>Generación de residuos</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">Residuos Peligrosos </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contaminación Legislación </span></div>
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<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/RtYEh3zjj9k0pu-jggWclYGR9gODB0xHp4b6pKplC_ZoKhNNWnub2roXQ_WCQNiD-miSEJZnhkfw4cTNcLTDjmx13W2V6GZ7PLzSHrkOp7KYtoquDT2mhXhrBZUiSeLRbif5M1wWWb8" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para desechos DE celda SOLAR" border="0" height="198" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/RtYEh3zjj9k0pu-jggWclYGR9gODB0xHp4b6pKplC_ZoKhNNWnub2roXQ_WCQNiD-miSEJZnhkfw4cTNcLTDjmx13W2V6GZ7PLzSHrkOp7KYtoquDT2mhXhrBZUiSeLRbif5M1wWWb8" width="320" /> </a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Generación de residuos peligrosos</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">La energía solar se deriva de una de las fuentes más abundantes de la naturaleza: el sol. Después de 20 a 25 años de la vida útil los paneles solares se vuelven residuos peligrosos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Los paneles de cadmio, los de mayor crecimiento, debido a que son muy económicos de fabricar y los más eficientes, tienen una gran desventaja: no existen compañías especializadas en su reutilización, por lo que son reciclados junto a televisores, luces fluorescentes y baterías.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Según un informe elaborado por la Agencia Internacional de Energía Renovable (Irena), a finales de 2016 los residuos de paneles fotovoltaicos a nivel mundial alcanzarán las 250 mil toneladas. El costo logístico de transportar a través de una gestión de residuos estaría en el entorno de los 200 euros tonelada y su posterior tratamiento (dependiendo de si tiene o no elementos peligrosos) puede rondar entre los 250 euros. La Unión Europea es la única que cuenta con un marco legal para el tratamiento de residuos de paneles fotovoltaicos. Sin embargo, en muchos países, esta actividad cuenta con legislaciones ambientales muy laxas.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">La producción de paneles solares produce gases de efecto invernadero. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">fabricados,transportados, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;">instalados y</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre;"> reutilizados.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Un sistema de transporte para reducir su huella ecológica, debería ser un sistema interconectado y</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> no de almacenamiento con baterías a menos que sea necesario por otras circunstancias.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">La propuesta del sistema urbano conectado al sistema proveerá el 25 % de transporte eléctrico acercandose a la propuesta de la ONU de la menta de movilidad sustentable de 30% de la fijado para el 2030.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Con una superficie de 200m2 de paneles solares se suministra de energía al sistema de red lo suficiente para el 25% de la demanda del sistema de transporte en Puebla.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Se evita el uso de baterias reduciendo la contaminación de las mismas, a través de conectar con cableado los autobuses</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">De igual manera se reducen las emisiones de CO2 y los costos ligados a la utilización de disel y combustibles fósiles. </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Referencias</span></span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">PR, N. (2017, November 1). The global solar panel recycling market is expected to be valued at USD 384.4 million by 2025. <span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">PR Newswire US</span><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Andreas Wade. (7 de noviembre de 2016). Carbon footprint of solar panels under microscope. 7 de Junio 2018, de EURACTIV.COM Ltd. Sitio web: <a href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/mondaycop22-lower-co2-emissions-with-lower-carbon-solar-energy/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/opinion/mondaycop22-lower-co2-emissions-with-lower-carbon-solar-energy/</span></a><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Analyses of Energy Saving in a Hybrid and Electric Bus </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"> <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8002226" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8002226</span></a><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;">RUTA: VIDEO <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIsB4bNu0dg" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIsB4bNu0dg</a></span></li>
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-e1da8137-e0ed-14a5-88c8-84a0f0b8744d"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/battery_recycling_as_a_business </span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15957575584915002382noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6996673856929852792.post-54386076888614511862018-06-08T11:21:00.001-07:002018-06-08T13:29:40.333-07:00presentación<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.44; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><img height="335px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/FRBalKKY4NP4p5J4HPfliLTRGo0U6qwPFJYhky7asHBePT4hnYPaYh0KQbVgkaqWSsnyAfNhA1V72DYAbLMI8JiLuC49B7nYZ8ehKS46uOC_O8gD59Bf-KTqYQ5i48BfvMW5ecNSc5Y" width="524px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">🚝 </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Andrade Andrade Álvaro </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">🚝 Cuellar Sánchez Alma</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">🚝 Moreno Guzmán </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Aura Elena </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 18pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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